| Introduction to networking: history, evolution and architectural elements of networking, network types, layered models, OSI and TCP/IP models. Physical layer: application of information theory to communications, transmission media, the telephone system, modulation, multiplexing. Data-link layer: framing, error detection and correction, flow control, sliding window protocols, case study of real-world protocol. Medium access control sub-layer: the channel allocation problem, ALOHA protocols, CSMA and CSMA/CD, IEEE 802 standards. Network layer: network layer organisation, routing, congestion control, Internet Protocol (IP), Internet control protocols. Transport layer: transport layer services, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), connection-management, two army problem. |