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Beginning in the late nineteenth-century and reaching a highpoint in the period after World War I, the creative ferment now commonly described as modernism saw the production of some of the most spectacular works of theatre, literature, cinema, music, the visual arts and architecture in the twentieth century. Breaking with received ideas of mimesis and perspective, refusing long-established conceptions of classical order and harmony, and shattering the conventions of nineteenth-century realism, the great modernist works provoked a sense of outrage and confusion that reverberated across the century.
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